DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROCONTROLLER CONTROL SYSTEM FOR BLDC MOTOR WITH PRESENT AND ABSENT HALL SENSORS

Abstract

The article discusses modern methods of controlling brushless DC motors (BLDC) using microcontroller systems, which have become widespread in industrial drives, electric vehicles, robotic systems, household appliances and other industries, where increased requirements are placed on energy efficiency, reliability and accuracy of control of electromechanical drives. The growing interest in BLDC motors is due to their high efficiency, durability, lack of a brush-collector assembly and the possibility of implementing flexible control algorithms using digital systems. Particular attention is paid to the comparative analysis of two main approaches to controlling BLDC motors - using rotor  position sensors based on the Hall effect and sensorless control, which is based on indirect determination of the rotor position from the electrical parameters of the motor. The fundamental differences between these methods are considered, in particular, the methods of determining the angular position of the rotor, the features of starting the engine, the stability of operation in low-speed and dynamic load modes, as well as the requirements for the hardware and software of the control system. The  article describes in detail the algorithms for determining the rotor position using Hall sensor signals and methods for analyzing the back electromotive force (EMF), including the detection of signal zero crossings, interference filtering and compensation for the influence of noise and changes in load parameters. Methods for forming control signals for implementing three-phase commutation of motor windings, in particular, the classic six-vector commutation and its software implementation on microcontrollers, are also considered. Considerable attention is paid to practical aspects of building BLDC motor control systemsbased on modern microcontrollers, including processing digital and analog signals, using timers and pulse-width modulation (PWM) modules to regulate speed and electromagnetic torque, as well as optimizing software algorithms to increase system stability and performance.