INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON SOIL FERTILITY AND YIELD OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Abstract

In modern agriculture, increasing the productivity of winter wheat is one of the key tasks of agricultural science and production. Effective management of soil factors plays a crucial role in providing optimal conditions for the growth and development of this culture. The research carried out within the framework of this scientific work is aimed at the development of an integrated system for managing soil parameters, which allows to achieve a high yield of winter wheat while minimizing resource costs. In the course of the research, an analysis of the main factors affecting crop productivity was carried out, in particular, the level of soil moisture, availability of macro- and microelements, physico-chemical characteristics of the soil and the structure of its particles. It was determined that the preservation of the optimal water regime and the control of soil density contribute to the improvement of the air-water balance, which, in turn, has a positive effect on the processes of root formation and the intensity of photosynthesis. Mathematical models have been developed that allow us to assess the relationship between the main parameters of the soil and the yield of winter wheat. In particular, it was established that the optimal ratio of nutrients (nitrogen – 120 kg/ha, phosphorus – 80 kg/ha, potassium – 60 kg/ha) ensures the maximum efficiency of assimilation of nutrients and the formation of productive stems. The conducted calculations indicate a significant dependence of yield on the level of soil moisture, which should be within 70–80% of the lowest moisture content during the critical phases of plant development. Graphical analysis of the obtained dependencies confirmed the effectiveness of the integrated approach to the management of soil factors. It was established that with optimal agrochemical indicators and soil structure, the yield of winter wheat can be increased by 15–20% compared to traditional cultivation methods. The implementation of the proposed system contributes to the improvement of ecological sustainability of agro-landscapes, the reduction of nutrient losses, and the improvement of the efficiency of the use of fertilizers. The obtained results prove that the developed integrated system of managing soil factors is an effective tool for increasing the productivity of winter wheat.